Here are the 10 most common ones - click on the link to go to the rule

More Clubs in Bag than Allowed
Wrong Score Recorded on Scorecard
Playing out of Turn
Grounding the Club in a Hazard
Hitting an Unattended Flagstick with a Putt
Ball Moves after Address
Ball Moves after Loose Impediment is Removed
Ball in Water Hazard
Ball Lost or Out of Bounds
Ball Unplayable

More Clubs in Bag than Allowed (Rule 4-4)
Fourteen clubs is the maximum allowed. Penalty for exeeding 14 in match play is loss of hole for each hole on whick the breach occurred, up to a maximum of two holes. In stroke play, penalty is two strokes for each hole on which the breach occurred, up to a maximum of four strokes.

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Wrong Score Recorded on Scorecard (Rule 6-6d)
Penalty for signing scorecard that includes scores lower than actually recorded is disqualification.
There is no penalty for signing a scorecard that incorrectly inflates a player's score, but the higher score stands.

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Playing out of Turn (Rule 10)
There is no penalty for playing out of turn. Other than the scorn of other members of your group. In match play, a competitor has the option of making you re-do your shot in the correct order of play.

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Grounding the Club in a Hazard (Rule 13-4)
Grounding the club in a hazard is illegal. Anyone who does it must assess themselves (or have assessed) a 2-stroke penalty (or loss of hole in match play).

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Hitting an Unattended Flagstick with a Putt (Rule 17-3)
The flagstick is in the hole, unattended, and your putt strikes it. That's a 2-stroke penalty in stroke play (ball subsequently played as it lies) and loss of hole in match play.

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Ball Moves after Address (Rule 18-2b)
If your ball moves once you've taken your address, it's a 1-stroke penalty. The ball is replaced on its original spot.

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Ball Moves after Loose Impediment is Removed (Rule 18-2c)
Players can remove loose impediments without penalty as long as the ball and the loose impediment are not both in a hazard. Through the green, if the ball moves when any loose impediment within one club length of the ball is removed, it's a 1-stroke penalty. The ball is replaced at the original spot.

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Ball in Water Hazard (Rule 26-1)
If you find your ball in a water hazard, you can always try to play it without penalty. Otherwise, it's a stroke-plus-distance penalty. Option 1: Take a 1-stroke penalty and return to the spot of the original shot to re-play. Option 2: Take a 1-stroke penalty and drop a ball behind the water hazard (going back as far as you want), keeping the point at which the original shot crossed into the hazard directly between your drop and the hole. For a lateral water hazard, drop within two club lengths of the spot where the ball crossed the margin of the hazard (no nearer the hole), or on the opposite side of the hazard at an equidistant spot.

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Ball Lost or Out of Bounds (Rule 27-1)
Stroke plus distance. Take a 1-stroke penalty and return to the spot of the original shot to re-play. A provisional ball may be played before searching for the original ball begins.

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Ball Unplayable (Rule 28)
You can declare a ball unplayable anywhere except in a water hazard, and you are the sole judge as to whether your ball is unplayable. Declaring a ball unplayable results in 1-stroke penalty and a drop. Drop as close as possible to the spot of the old ball; within two club lengths and not nearer the hole; or at any point behind the spot of the original ball, as long as that spot remains in between the hole and the location of the dropped ball.

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